Metal Elements From the Period Table Facts

Most of the elements in the periodic table are metals. You use metals every day, but how much do you actually know about them? Here is a list of facts and trivia about metals. Facts About Metals The word metal derives from the Greek word metallon, which means to mine, excavate or extract from the ground.75% of all the elements on the periodic table are metals. The metals are subdivided into separate groups, such as basic metals, transition metals, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, rare earth, lanthanides, and actinides.At room temperature, all of the metals are solids except for mercury, which is a liquid.The most common metal found in the Earths crust is aluminum.Even though aluminum is abundant in the crust, the most abundant element in the entire Earth is iron, which makes up a large part of the Earths core.Up until Medieval Times, there were only 7 known metals, which were called the Metals of Antiquity. The Metals of Antiquity and their approximate discovery dates are:Gold (6000 BC)Copper (9000 BC)Silver (4000 BC)Lead (6400 BC)Tin (3000 BC)Iron (1500 BC)Mercury (1500 BC)Most metals are shiny and have a characteristic metallic luster.Most metals are good conductors o f heat and electricity.Many metals are heavy or dense, although some metals, such as lithium, are light enough to float on water!Most metals are hard.Most metals are malleable or may be beaten into a thin sheet.Many metals are ductile or capable of being draw into a wire.Many metals are sonorous or make a bell-like sound when struck.Metals are elastic or tend to bend rather than break.Metals known as metalloids or semimetals have properties of both metals and nonmetals.Alkali metals, such as lithium, sodium, potassium, and rubidium, are so reactive they will ignite and even explode if placed in water.Despite what you read in books and see in movies, most radioactive materials do not glow in the dark. However, some radioactive metals either glow from internal heat or else release radiation that reacts and produces visible light. Examples of radioactive metals that glow include plutonium (red from heat), radon (yellow to orange to red), and actinium (blue).Noble metals, such as silver , gold, and platinum, resist oxidation and corrosion in moist air.Precious metals have significant economic importance. Most of the precious metals also are noble metals, since its important for a currency to resist wear and tear. Examples of precious metals include gold and silver.Tungsten is the metal with the highest melting point. Only carbon, a nonmetal, has a higher melting point of all the elements.Steel is an alloy made from iron with other metals.Bronze is an alloy usually made from copper and tin.Brass is an alloy usually made from copper and zinc.

What Are Eating Disorders - 1445 Words

What are eating disorders? The eating disorders anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating, and their variants, all feature serious disturbances in eating behavior and weight regulation (Eating Disorders: About More Than Food, 2014). Many eating disorders are associated with different types of psychological, physical, and social consequences. An individual with an eating disorder may start out with a simple diet or cutting back on their intake of food, but at some point, there is an urge to eat less. With the way the social media is set up, we have an idea of how we are supposed to look and it is simply not the correct way. It sends out a message that everyone is supposed to be sizes two when everyone is not build that way.†¦show more content†¦When people with eating disorders look in the mirror they someone totally different from what we see. They see someone who is overweight and they feel that person needs to lose weight. They take a simple act like eating food and turn it into an obsession. A person who has anorexia nervosa will weight themselves over and over again, portion food cautiously, and eat small quantities of certain foods. People with anorexia nervosa may engage in binge eating followed by extreme dieting, excessive exercise, self-induced vomiting, or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas (Eating Disorders: About More Than Food, 2014). Anorexia nervosa symptoms would include the following very low body weight, severe food restriction, intense fear of weight gain, denial of low body weight, and distorted view of body image; these are all signs of anorexia nervosa. Men and women with bulimia nervosa have recurring and frequent occurrences of eating unusually large amounts of food and feel a nonexistence of control over these occurrences. This behavior is followed by binge eating that compensates for the overeating such as forced vomiting or excessive use of diary laxatives. With anorexia nervosa, people will look sickly but p eople with bulimia nervosa they usually maintain what are considered a healthy weght. With all eating disorders, they fear weight gain and want to lose it in any way

The Field Of Critical Care - 1737 Words

Introduction The field of critical care is rapidly changing. It is important for anesthesiologists be knowledgeable of these changes for providing care to critically ill patients in the perioperative period. The purpose of this chapter is to provide update for clinicians on ICU issues relevant to clinical practice. Topics which will be discussed include: modes of mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, antibiotic prophylaxis, nutritional support, sedation management, transport and transfer of care. I. Modes of Mechanical Ventilation Introduction Most patients undergoing general anesthesia for surgical procedures require mechanical ventilation. One of the biggest challenges facing clinicians providing mechanical ventilatory support today is managing the balance between providing adequate gas exchange and avoiding lung injury associated with positive pressure ventilation. Patients with respiratory failure need adequate tissue oxygenation and acid-base balance; however, the lungs are fragile structures that can be injured by over-distension, alveolar collapse and reopening, and high oxygen exposure. This challenge in providing â€Å"lung protective ventilation† is made more difficult by the fact that lung injury is often heterogeneous and thus what may benefit gas exchange in one region (e.g., higher pressure) may worsen injury in another. Modern anesthesia ventilators are becoming increasingly sophisticated provide high performances in delivering accurately andShow MoreRelatedCritical Care Nursing : An Analysis Of A Complicated Profession1395 Words   |  6 Pages Critical-Care Nursing: An Analysis of a Complicated Profession Nicholas D’Amario Carroll Community College â€Æ' The massive field of nursing is broken down into over one hundred specialties and subspecialties that each have a unique background and certain set of requirements and skills specific to the job. Critical Care is an area within nursing that aims to care for the most vulnerable and ill of patients. Nurses working in critical care units are typically highly skilled and have acquired manyRead MoreThe Importance Of An Intensive Care Nurse1236 Words   |  5 PagesFor a child or adult to need critical care, it means they are in an unstable condition, often unconscious, with erratic vital signs that need close monitoring (Everynurse.org). 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This essay describes increased demand for higher education in nursing and emphasizes the necessity of continuing education to provide optimum patient care in various setting . Techniques andRead MoreEvaluation of Effective Training in Healthcare: An Important Aspect1317 Words   |  5 PagesIn health care, even more than in other professions, training, development, and continuous assessment are some of the most important aspects of ensuring the continued excellence of workers in the field. In this profession, such excellence extends to more than only professional regard and ethics. Indeed, more often than not, it concerns human lives and the ability of professionals to ensure the best possible chance of survival for those in their care. Hence, training and education remain vital, asRead MoreNursing As A Dynamic Career1203 Words   |  5 Pagesnursing field. There are many similarities and differences in the roles of nursing from the different levels such as LPN and RN. There are also differences in the degrees and licensures to choose from that effect the roles of nurses. The education levels also have a great deal with the job opportunities available to nurses. Critical thinking is one of the most important aspects of nursing and is taught at every level, but the further a nurse advances in education, the more advanced their critical thinkingRead MoreThe Value of Nursing to Research681 Words   |  3 PagesThe Value of Nursing to Research: Nursing is both an art and science though most of the attention in this field focuses on developing nursing science. As an art, nursing is regarded as the ability to provide patient care with an emphasis on communication in order to understand the emotional reactions associated of patients experiences. Therefore, communication is an important aspect in the development of a trusting relationship between nurses and patients. This process of establishing such a relationshipRead MoreMoral Distress And Avoidance Behavior1609 Words   |  7 PagesIn the article  ¨Moral Distress And Avoidance Behavior In Nurses Working In Critical Care And Noncritical Care Units,† by Mary Jo De Villers, she states  ¨it has been predicted that there will be a shortage of 500,000 nurses in the United States by 2025. ¨ This counts for the United States alone. Many articles state that more and more research is being done on moral distress relating to nurses all around. This leaves researchers wond ering, could this be the main reason for the shortage of nurses? MoralRead MoreCritical Assessment And Intervention Of Critical Care Nursing908 Words   |  4 PagesCritical care nursing is an intense area of nursing. The RNs care for patients that need close assessment and intervention. Working in a CCU requires advanced skills. The nurses that work in the critical care unit have to be very precise. Treatment and care of critical patients is very complex. Critical care or intensive care nursing staff must have more training than other general nursing staff. They have to be prepared to care for patients with critical needs around the clock rather than more

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT - 617 Words

SUB: OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT 1. Production planning functions can be broadly identified as a) Estimating , routing , distribution b) Estimating, routing, scheduling c) Estimating, distribution, collection d) Distribution, collection, scheduling 2. For efficient process of order picking by personnel, communication plays a vital role in any Organization and the directives they need to have are ____, _____ and _______. a) Simple, clear and straight b) Straight, clear and easy c) Precise, timely and appropriate d) Accurate, timely and sufficient 3. The three major functions of any business organization are _______, _______ and ______. a) Coordinating, organizing, delegating b) Organizing, supervising,†¦show more content†¦Which of the following is correct? a) Both are true b) Both are false c) True and false respectively d) False and true respectively. 8. The method used mainly where transportation costs either for distribution of products or collection Of materials from different suppliers is the main criterion. a) Centre of gravity method b) Break even analysis c) Point rating method d) Factor rating method 9. PDCA stands for ________. a) Prepare, Develop, Control, Act b) Plan, Develop, Coordinate, Analyze c) Product, Development, Cost, Analyze d) Plan, Do, Check, Ac 10. Success of JIT depends upon a lot of ________ and _______. a) Preparation and committed implementation b) Teamwork and technology c) Cooperation and effort d) Information technology and planning 11. Write short notes on the following : (I) CPM Vs. pert technique (III) Advantages of matrix organization (IV) Commission of projects 12. a. How would operations strategy for a service industry be different if any from that for a manufacturing industry? (It’s an example explains) b. What are the levels of aggregation in forecasting for a manufacturing organization? How should this hierarchy of forecasts be linked and used? 13. How would forecasting be useful for operations in a BPO (Business processes outsourcing) unit? What factors may be important for this industry? Discuss. 14. A goodShow MoreRelatedOperations Management : Operation Management1355 Words   |  6 PagesOperations Management Introduction Operations management is the activity of managing the resources that create and deliver services and products. The operations function is the part of the organization that is responsible for this activity. Every organization has an operations function because every organization creates some type of services and/or products. However, not all types of organization will necessarily call the operations function by this name. Operations managers are the people who haveRead MoreOperation Management - Cadburyworld2493 Words   |  10 Pagestechnology to streamline the operation process) and facility costs (old and outdated facilities) at lowest possible. In return, they have to compromise low costs with their other objectives. The unskilled staffs and outdated facilities are compromised with the quality in the core process. For example, the brief video (facility) in the packaging plant is outdated and requires commentary notes from some guides. However, the unskilled guides are not familiar with the operations so they need to read fromRead MoreOperation Management And Operations Management2148 Words   |  9 PagesOperation management Introduction Being an operations manager is not an easy task, it involves good control and responsibilities for the major activities within the organisations in order to achieve goals that might be in form of services or in form of goods. 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NESTLÉ UK CHOCOLATE FACTORY 3 3. MAJOR UNDERSTANDINGS OF THE STUDY 3 4. CONCLUSIONS 3 REFERENCES 3 1. Operation Management For the success of an organization, the management crew plays a major role. An organizational structure is based on differentRead MoreOperations Management986 Words   |  4 PagesOPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Select two organisations that you are familiar with – one with a service output and one with a product output, and compare and contrast these organisations with respect to the following aspects: 1.1 The process of transformation of inputs to outputs 1.2 Process and Capacity design 1.3 Supply Chain management 1.4 Scheduling Operations Management refers to the management of the production system that transforms inputs into finished goods and services, (http://csuponomaRead MoreOperations Management Chapter 18 Manual1950 Words   |  8 PagesChApter 18 Management of Waiting Lines Teaching Notes Some of the math and calculations can be left out in order to focus more clearly on the concepts of waiting lines. For example, all infinite source problems, including single channel (except constant service time) can be handled using the infinite source queuing table. In the past, queuing presented students with a good bit of computational requirements, and because of that, students frequently lost sight of the underlying concepts. WithRead MoreOperation Management2436 Words   |  10 PagesOPERATION MANAGEMENT IS IMPORTANT TO ALL BUSINESS To be able produce specialized managers capable of fulfilling strategic tasks within business and government enterprises the need for the practice of operations management cannot be forgone. Operations management is very significant in business operations since it forms the heart of the organisation by controlling the system of operation. Operations management deals with the design, operation, and enhancement of the systems that generate and deliverRead MoreOperations Management1791 Words   |  8 PagesQUESTION 1 Operations management must be managed properly in order to improve an organization’s productivity and profitability. In the Cadbury World case, several micro and macro processes are involved and those processes bring some impacts to Cadbury World. Thus, Cadbury World must possess a sustainable micro and macro processes to achieve the best outcome and performance. Micro processes that involved are easily to manage compared to macro processes because macro processes are hard to manage

The Development of the Western Frontier between 1866 and 1890 Free Essays

The Trans-Mississipi west comprises the region that spans from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains (Client file, n. pag. ). We will write a custom essay sample on The Development of the Western Frontier between 1866 and 1890 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is estimated to be 1,000 miles long from east to west and is about 1,500 miles from north to south (Client file, n. pag. ). The Trans-Mississippi west (also known as the Great Plains, the Western Frontier or the prairie) was inhabited by more than 300,000 Native Americans, collectively referred to as the Plains Indians (Client file, n. pag. ). Prior to the Civil War, the Western Frontier was largely unpopulated by pioneers (although it was under the control of the United States government through the Louisiana Purchase in 1803) (Client file, n. pag. ). Some wagon trains did pass through the area en route to Oregon or California, but these were able to do so unmolested (in sharp contrast to Hollywood films) (Client file, n. pag. ). In return, the payment of tributes in the form of clothing, jewelry, metal utensils or other items desired by the tribes was required (Client file, n. ag. ). However, the Homestead Act of 1862 (passed during the Civil War) encouraged emigration to the Western Frontier (Client file, n. pag. ). Under the act, settlers can avail of a 160-acre parcel of land for a small filing fee worth $10 (Client file, n. pag. ). In addition, they can obtain the full title to the land within five years if they were able to make significant improvements on it (planting crops, building houses, raising livestock, etc. ) (Client file, n. pag. ). As a result, homesteaders, miners and ranchers trespassed on Indian lands and threatened the Plains Indians’ hunting and way of life (Client file, n. pag. ). This left the Plains Indians with no other choice but to use armed resistance (Client file, n. pag. ). The hostilities between the Plains Indians and the US Cavalry (called on by the settlers to crush Indian opposition and to confine tribes in government-controlled reservations) that ensued were eventually called the Western Indian Wars (1866-1890) (Client file, n. ag. ). Despite the attractive terms of the Homestead Act of 1862, around 60% of emigrants gave up on their homesteads before the end of the five-year period (Client file, n. pag. ). Reasons for doing so included lack of water supply, Indian attacks, harsh winters, soil that was unfit for planting and sometimes-deadly conflicts with ranchers, who saw homesteads as a hindrance to cattle grazing (Client file, n. pag. ). On the other hand, those who remained endure d extreme hardships just to survive. They worked very hard under sub-zero winters and summers that often reached more than a hundred degrees Fahrenheit (Client file, n. pag. ). Unable to afford houses made of wood, they lived in houses built of sod and dirt (Client file, n. pag. ). They also experienced infestations of locusts, which would eat their crops, as well as the drapes of their houses and their clothing (Client file, n. pag. ). Adding to their list of burdends were natural disasters such as storms and tornadoes (Client file, n. pag. ). The homesteaders’ privations were so great that History professor Frederick Jackson Turner hypothesized in his thesis in 1890 that â€Å"much of America’s free and democratic spirit was forged by the existence of an open frontier to the west† (Client file, n. pag. ). Another important advancement in the Western Frontier was the Transcontinental Railroad. The absence of a railway system in the region isolated Oregon and California (already states) from the rest of the US – they stood alone at the edge of the country and were accessible only by wagon train, ship or boat (Client file, n. ag. ). President Abraham Lincoln and the US Congress backed a railroad act which authorized the presence of a railroad across the continent, but it was not implemented until the end of the Civil War (Client file, n. pag. ). The construction of the railroad started in 1864 – the Union Pacific was built westward from Omaha, Nebraska, while the Central Pacific was erected eastward from Sacramento, California (Client file, n. pag. ). Even if only 40 miles of track were laid by 1865, the pace of the assembly increased at the end of war (Client file, n. ag. ). Majority of the workers that were recruited for the building of the railroad were from minority groups such as blacks, Mexicans, Asians and Irish (Client file, n. pag. ). Despite delays in construction (storms, harsh winters, occasional Indian attacks, migration of large buffalo herds, etc. ), the Transcontinental Railroad was finally completed at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869 (Client file, n. pag. ). The Transcontinental Railroad boosted commerce in the Western Frontier, particularly the cattle industry (Client file, n. pag. ). Even though the cattle industry was already a major part of the western economy, the lack of transportation hindered its expansion into the eastern part of the US (Client file, n. pag. ). Hence, the development of railroads in the Western Frontier (along with entrepreneurs such as Joseph McCoy, who promoted beef as tasty and healthy) increased the demand for beef in the east (Client file, n. pag. ). Cowboys would drive large herds of cows from Texas and New Mexico to â€Å"railheads† – towns on or near the rail line, such as Dodge City, Abilene, Wichita and Colorado Springs (Client file, n. ag. ). Once in the â€Å"railheads,† the cattle would be kept in large pens or yards, where they would be fattened for market in the east (Client file, n. pag. ). During this time, a cowboy was paid usually around $25-$30 per month (Client file, n. pag. ). â€Å"Railheads† (also known as â€Å"railhead towns† or â€Å"cow towns†) became prosperous not only because of the cattle industry, but also because of saloons or â€Å"dance halls,† where cowboys spent their money on liqour, gambling and women (Client file, n. pag. ). It is likewise the saloon that gave â€Å"railheads† their reputation for lawlessness (Client file, n. pag. ). But it must be noted that this image was largely seen only in Hollywood films (Client file, n. pag. ). For one, most â€Å"railheads† were strict when it comes to gun control (Client file, n. pag. ). Gun control laws in â€Å"railheads† were enforced by tough sheriffs or marshalls with shotgun-toting deputies – one gun control law that they strictly implemented was that cowboys should surrender their guns to them while they were in town (Client file, n. pag. ). In addition, the saloon area in a â€Å"railhead† was usually located in the opposite direction of the â€Å"respectable† side of the town to minimize the possibility of untoward incidents (Client file, n. pag. ). Lastly, contrary to Hollywood films, cowboys were not hardened criminals but â€Å"just regular and adventurous young men letting off steam after several months of hard work† (Client file, n. pag. ). Most gunfights â€Å"were spontaenous events in a saloon or in the street between angry or drunken men who had not been relieved of their guns† (Client file, n. pag. ). They usually fought over â€Å"poker-related disputes, a woman, a perceived insult or some ongoing enmity between long-time adversaries† (Client file, n. pag. ). In most â€Å"railheads,† the murder rate was â€Å"acutally lower than the murder rate of many large American cities in the latter half of the twentieth century† (Client file, n. pag. ). Furthermore, extensive research has proven that in the period between 1870-1900, only five gun duels occurred in the entire Western Frontier (Client file, n. pag. ). It is true that emigration led to the development of the Trans-Mississipi west. However, it must be kept in mind that this progress did not come without a price – the Western Indian Wars killed around 1,000 US Cavalry soldiers and led to the death and enslavement of millions of Plains Indians (McConnell, n. pag. ). It would be fair to say that the circumstances surrounding the expansion of the Trans-Mississipi west became one of the precursors for future instances of US political, economic and military aggression abroad. The strategy remains the same – plunder the country (or in this case, region) as much as you can, fill the people’s minds with deceiving propaganda and chop off a few thousand heads when necessary. How to cite The Development of the Western Frontier between 1866 and 1890, Papers

Principles of Infection Prevention and Control free essay sample

Employees rights and responsibilities in the relation to the prevention and control of infection are to follow company’s policies and procedures, keep themselves safe and others, report any hazards which could lead to infection, attend relevant courses, use the PPE provided, keeping the work environment clean and tidy and to maintain good personal hygiene 1. 2: Employers responsibilities in the relation to the prevention and control of infection are to keep everybody safe and to provide a safe work place, they do this by following current legislation. This is why it is extremely important to wear the correct PPE and use the correct hand washing procedure and use the correct cleaning products. 4. 3: To carry out a risk assessment first of all you need to identify the hazards, then decide who might be harmed and how. Then evaluate the risks and decide on precaution and then record your findings and implement on them. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Infection Prevention and Control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After this is done review your assessment and update if necessary. 4. 4: It is important to carry out risk assessments to raise awareness of potential risks and to try and eliminate or reduce them and to ensure enough precautions have been taken to prevent injury. Outcome 5 PPE must be used in the correct way in order for it to be effective in the prevention of infection control. Some different types of PPE and there uses are explained below: †¢Disposable gloves- Wearing disposable gloves will offer a protective barrier against infection when worn when dealing with body products, e. g. blood, urine, mucus, vomit etc, changing soiled bed linen, clearing up spillages and dressing wounds. When wearing gloves they should be put on last after all other PPE is on and should fit the hands comfortably and not rip or tear easily. Hands should be cleaned thoroughly before wearing gloves to prevent germs spreading. While wearing gloves they should be change if they become heavily soiled or ripped and after each resident. Gloves should be carefully removed before any other PPE is removed and disposed of in the correct way in line with company’s procedures and hands should be cleaned again. †¢Aprons- these are used to provide a barrier which enables clothing to stay clean from bodily fluids, spillages etc. Aprons should be put on first before any other PPE. To put an apron on, one should be taken from the roll and opened out, after the head has gone through the hole the two ties should be tied together around your back. To dispose of carefully tare the ties and roll or fold into a bundle and dispose of correctly. †¢Masks- These are worn to stop airborne infections being inhaled. To put a mask on place over nose, mouth and chin and fit flexible nose piece over bridge of nose. A mask should be removed after all other PPE has been removed and disposed of correctly. Employers must provide appropriate PPE free of charge and ensure it is disposed of correctly. Employees must use this correctly and follow the training and instructions given. The regulations and legislation relating to PPE that we must follow are: †¢The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 †¢The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 Outcome 6 The key principles of good personal hygiene are vital in controlling the spread of infection. The most important action that will reduce the development of infection is regular hand washing. By using a good hand washing technique this will ensure bacteria and viruses have as little chance to spread as possible. You should always wash your hands: †¢Before starting and when finishing work †¢Before and after eating After using the toilet

”The Soul Selects Her Own Society” by Emily Dickinson Essay Sample free essay sample

Emily Dickinson’s verse form. â€Å"The psyche selects her ain society† . is really obscure and has many dual significances that are hard to understand the first clip read. In â€Å"The psyche selects her ain society† . Emily Dickinson uses enunciation. imagination. and symbols to demo her dedication to her poesy and her suer. Through enunciation and imagination. Dickinson is able to specify what is literally go oning and the nonliteral significances behind the words. The symbols describe the privacy after taking one suer and closing out the universe. In the verse form. Dickinson uses enunciation to demo what is literally go oning and the nonliteral significances behind the words written. Dickinson presents the single as unqualified and the rights of the person as absolute. The gap statement â€Å"The psyche selects her ain society† gives the idea that the verse form may be about Emily Dickinson ; although. subsequently in the verse form the usage of †Å"her† begs the inquiry of whom it is. In making so. the 3rd individual narrative allows the reader to associate the verse form to themselves. friends. or household. The poem’s visual aspect. written in lines of two. shows Dickinson’s wants of another. The idea of another could be her â€Å"divine majority† or it could be another suer â€Å"kneeling upon her mat. † The other individual that Dickinson intimations at in her verse form is another suer. In the verse form â€Å"The psyche selects her ain society’ Dickinson is excepting everyone except one. The psyche is â€Å"shutting the door† on her Godhead bulk which signifies her loss of chance. The psyche notices â€Å"the chariot’s pausing- at her low gate† but stands nonmoving. The chariot describes wealth and a god-like entreaty while the low gate is a intension of her lower category. â€Å"Unmoving an emperor is kneeling-upon her mat† . this is depicting the emperor’s physical actions non to travel from the soul’s mat. Nonetheless the psyche will non emotionally travel for she has made up her head. â€Å"Then shut the valves of her attention-like rock. † The valves of her attending represent her bosom or her dedication to one suer. The rock represents her permanency and unchanging determination to her suer or her exclusion of the outside universe. The valves besides represent her deficiency of control over her ain emot ions and what will be excluded and included in her life. Dickinson. through the usage of symbols. shows the trouble of holding to take a worthy suer and the privacy of closing out the outside universe. The symbols of love affair and wealth display the woman’s indifference to the emperor’s wooing. The adult female â€Å"notes the chariot’s pausing at her low gate† but still stands unaffected as he kneels at her mat. Her disapproval and avoidance of the emperor. indicates that the adult female is dedicated to another figure or mate. The â€Å"close [ ing ] the valves of her attention- Like stone† represent a clam. bosom. or will turning to lapidate. The clam when it gets a grain of sand. stopping points. and encases the grain of sand. The grain of sand finally becomes a pearl. The grain of sand signifies the figure that she is excluded others for. but they may hold been antagonists one time. The grain of sand besides shows that the lover was the grain of sand and felt similar to a captive. The rock symbolizes her will or bosom being turned to lapidate. Her bosom or will may be unmoving and unwilling to alter. Bernhard Frank. focuses on the 3rd stanza when Dickinson writes â€Å"Then-close the valves of her attending. † Frank researches the definition s of valves and discoveries three distinguishable fluctuations that relate to the lines used supra. The first definition is axiomatic because the bosom â€Å"seals off the outside universe. forestalling it from fluxing in† ( Frank ) . Although by excepting herself from the exterior. the psyche may accidentally do the loved one feel similar to a captive. The 2nd reading is a dual folding door. The dual folding doors represent a dual folding door whose panels are â€Å"two tightly interlocked psyche mates† ( Frank ) . The 3rd intension is the â€Å"hinged shells of many mollusks† ( Frank ) . The mollusc symbolizes the psyche and one time the psyche. or mollusc. has a grain of sand that entered. the mollusc closes. The sand causes much annoyance to the mollusc that the mollusc must incase the sand and do it a pearl. Frank changes the serendipitous tone by connoting the â€Å"precious psyche mate may originally hold been an antagonist. † The beginning of the verse form is serendipitous and sentimental but â€Å"reveals titillating and dark underpinnings† ( Frank ) . Chris Semansky believes that â€Å"The psyche selects her ain society† is about Emily Dickinson’s life and her actions. Semansky thinks that the first stanza is about Emily Dickinson’s life and her picks â€Å"regarding her contact with the universe outside Amherst. Massachusetts† . With this point of position. closing the door on â€Å"her Godhead bulk describes a esthesia that has decided whom and what she would take to pay attending to† and what she will ignore ( Semansky ) . The 2nd stanza is besides the soul’s actions or non-actions. When the psyche notes the chariot and emperor’s pausing. she stands nonmoving and isn’t distracted by their presence. The psyche does non alter its head about her determinations she has made. The 3rd stanza has initiated contention. Some biographers of Dickinson believe that the 3rd stanza is about a secret lover although another critic refutes that â€Å"The ‘one’ is Christ† ( Semansky ) . In that point of position. the verse form becomes a contemplation of her Christian religion. Still some bookmans believe that her verse form is about her dedication to her authorship and is a â€Å"persona of the poet† ( Semansky ) . This suggests that the poet â€Å"has rejected the enticements and demands of the ‘outside’ world† to give herself to her authorship. Semansky explains that Dickinson uses metaphors and symbols to touch to her personal life. The two critics had distinguishing sentiments on the analysis of the verse form. Frank was precise when he related the mollusc and the valve to the soul’s bosom. Although he overlooked a measure in the definition of valves when the doors interlock. The psyche and the romantic suer may stand for the dual doors meshing with one another. but even though the doors match it does non intend that they interlocked volitionally. The suer may hold non been able to detach himself from the psyche which could be cause for the suer feeling trapped and unable to unlock himself. Semansky. on the other manus. questioned whether the verse form could be about Queen Elizabeth and her topics. The verse form gives small indicant that the verse form could be about Queen Elizabeth. The â€Å"supposed person† who selects her ain society is Queen Elizabeth and she is degraded to a mollusc that is rejected to all but a grain of sand. The mollusc will so bring forth a pearl which is now reversed p oint of position. This grounds is chiefly an educated conjecture with a batch of foretelling. The critics had really knowing sentiments but had a few lost conjectures and stairss. Emily Dickinson uses enunciation. imagination. and symbols to convey the soul’s problems with seeking a suer and her exclusion from the outside universe. The critics were suiting to conveying the verse form apprehension. Dickinson’s verse form was really mistily about her. but wrote the verse form in such a manner that the reader was able to associate the verse form to themselves. Through Dickinson’s enunciation. imagination. and symbols. the reader is better able to clear up what is go oning in the verse form.

Workplace Health and Safety Movement System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Workplace Health and Safety Movement System. Answer: Workplace Health and Safety Movement System is a wide approach to maintain health security and reduce the risk of illness at the workplace (Loeppke et al. 2015) The main purpose or objective of WHS is to provide a steady and balanced environment to secure the health and safety of the workers and workplaces. A new employee of large manufacturing and assembling operations of was exposed to hazardous oil leakage and sawdust. In this large manufacturing and assembling operations safety precautions must be taken. This will lead to higher productivity as well. Measurable systems should be developed to verify work health and safety performance. Business opportunities can increase if work health and safety movements are improved at the workplace. The Plant Manager must give reasonable protection to all his employees. It is his duty to give instructions to new workers about the assigned job. To improve health and safety system at workplace, work methods and morale of the workers should be eth ical and upgraded. Improving the work environment will reduce the level of illness and injury among the workers. Clear and relevant training and information should be provided to the workers so that they can work safely with the instruments (Dwyer and Hopwood 2013). In an organization, risk control measures or strategies needs to be developed from time to time. Instruments and machineries used in a workplace should be updated, improved and maintained to ensure health and safety measure of the workers while working. Therefore, such developments and improvements will help manufacturing and assembling operations to achieve organizational WHS objectives. References: Dwyer, J. and Hopwood, N., 2013.Management strategies and skills(Vol. 10, p. 240). in Australia by McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) Pty Ltd Level 2, 82 Waterloo Road, North Ryde NSW 2113. Loeppke, R.R., Hohn, T., Baase, C., Bunn, W.B., Burton, W.N., Eisenberg, B.S., Ennis, T., Fabius, R., Hawkins, R.J., Hudson, T.W. and Hymel, P.A., 2015. Integrating health and safety in the workplace: how closely aligning health and safety strategies can yield measurable benefits.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,57(5), pp.585-597.

Review Of Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Frederick Dougla

Review of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland, near Hillsborough. He doesn't know for sure of his age, he has seen no proof and his master will not inform him. Most masters prefer for their slaves to stay ignorant. He believes that he was around twenty-seven and twenty-eight when he began writing his narrative - he overheard his master say he was about seventeen years of age during 1835. His mother, Harriet Bailey, was separated from him when he was an infant and she died when he was seven years old. Frederick's father was a white man who could have been his master but he never found out. Education was of utmost importance in his life. He received his first lesson while living with Mr. and Mrs. Auld. Sophia Auld, Frederick's "mistress", was very humane to him and spent time teaching him the A, B, C's. After he mastered this, she assisted him in spelling three and four letter words. At this point in his lesson Mr. Auld encountered what his wife was doing for Frederick and forbid her to continue. He believed that "if you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell" and continuing with "learning would spoil the best nigger in the world". The masters felt that an ignorant slave formed a choice slave and any beneficial learning would damage the slave and therefore be futile to his master. His next step on the road to success was during his seven years living with Master Hugh's family. Frederick would make friends with as many white boys as he possibly could on the street. His new friends would be transformed into teachers. When he could, Frederick carried bread on him as a means of trade to the famished kids for knowledge. He would also carry a book anytime he had an errand to run. The errand would be completed quickly, allowing extra study time. When Frederick was working in Durgin and Bailey's ship-yard he would notice timber marked with various letters. He soon discovered how the letters matched the type of wood and the names of these letters. Any boy he met that could write he would challenge them to a writing contest. Frederick would use the letters he recently learned and told the child to challenge that. He then copied the Italics in Webster's Spelling Book until he knew them well. All this hard work and years of practice gave Frederick the knowledge to write. After his relocation to Mr. Freeland, who was the owner of two slaves, Frederick devoted his Sundays teaching these two and other slaves how to read. Frederick heard the word abolitionists a few times but it wasn't for a while until he found out what it meant. If a slave succeeded in escaping from his Master or performing a radical action such as burning a barn or killing his Master, it was considered to be a form of abolition. One day while running an errand, Frederick ran into two Irishmen hard at work. Frederick assisted the Irishmen and soon after they asked if he was a slave. The men then advised Frederick to ru n away to the north to find friends and freedom. Ever since this encounter he has dreamed of the day he could safely escape. An attempt to carry out his dreams surfaced during his stay with Master Thomas. He did not attempt to escape, however he regrets not doing so since the chances of succeeding are ten times greater from the city than from the country. Anthony, one of Frederick's two masters, was not a humane slaveholder. Frederick was awakened habitually by the sounds of his own aunt being whipped repeatedly because she was caught away for the evening with a man. Slaves, when unhappy, sing songs to help drown their sorrow. Frederick would often sing for this purpose, and not to express his happiness as some slaves also do. The men and women slaves received eight pounds of pork or fish and one bushel of corn meal monthly. On a yearly basis, they received very little along the lines of clothing. The children unable to work in the field Review Of Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Frederick Dougla Review of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland, near Hillsborough. He doesn't know for sure of his age, he has seen no proof and his master will not inform him. Most masters prefer for their slaves to stay ignorant. He believes that he was around twenty-seven and twenty-eight when he began writing his narrative - he overheard his master say he was about seventeen years of age during 1835. His mother, Harriet Bailey, was separated from him when he was an infant and she died when he was seven years old. Frederick's father was a white man who could have been his master but he never found out. Education was of utmost importance in his life. He received his first lesson while living with Mr. and Mrs. Auld. Sophia Auld, Frederick's "mistress", was very humane to him and spent time teaching him the A, B, C's. After he mastered this, she assisted him in spelling three and four letter words. At this point in his lesson Mr. Auld encountered what his wife was doing for Frederick and forbid her to continue. He believed that "if you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell" and continuing with "learning would spoil the best nigger in the world". The masters felt that an ignorant slave formed a choice slave and any beneficial learning would damage the slave and therefore be futile to his master. His next step on the road to success was during his seven years living with Master Hugh's family. Frederick would make friends with as many white boys as he possibly could on the street. His new friends would be transformed into teachers. When he could, Frederick carried bread on him as a means of trade to the famished kids for knowledge. He would also carry a book anytime he had an errand to run. The errand would be completed quickly, allowing extra study time. When Frederick was working in Durgin and Bailey's ship-yard he would notice timber marked with various letters. He soon discovered how the letters matched the type of wood and the names of these letters. Any boy he met that could write he would challenge them to a writing contest. Frederick would use the letters he recently learned and told the child to challenge that. He then copied the Italics in Webster's Spelling Book until he knew them well. All this hard work and years of practice gave Frederick the knowledge to write. After his relocation to Mr. Freeland, who was the owner of two slaves, Frederick devoted his Sundays teaching these two and other slaves how to read. Frederick heard the word abolitionists a few times but it wasn't for a while until he found out what it meant. If a slave succeeded in escaping from his Master or performing a radical action such as burning a barn or killing his Master, it was considered to be a form of abolition. One day while running an errand, Frederick ran into two Irishmen hard at work. Frederick assisted the Irishmen and soon after they asked if he was a slave. The men then advised Frederick to ru n away to the north to find friends and freedom. Ever since this encounter he has dreamed of the day he could safely escape. An attempt to carry out his dreams surfaced during his stay with Master Thomas. He did not attempt to escape, however he regrets not doing so since the chances of succeeding are ten times greater from the city than from the country. Anthony, one of Frederick's two masters, was not a humane slaveholder. Frederick was awakened habitually by the sounds of his own aunt being whipped repeatedly because she was caught away for the evening with a man. Slaves, when unhappy, sing songs to help drown their sorrow. Frederick would often sing for this purpose, and not to express his happiness as some slaves also do. The men and women slaves received eight pounds of pork or fish and one bushel of corn meal monthly. On a yearly basis, they received very little along the lines of clothing. The children unable to work in the field

Project Management Essay Example

Project Management Essay Appraisal of an activity you believe would be Improved by managing as a project; Appraisal of an existing work project you are currently Involved with; or Appraisal of an actively you were Involved with In the past that you believe could have been managed as a project. Assignment report The assignment report should include: a) A brief description of the organizational setting and the project environment to ensure the assignment examiner understands the context in which the project is set. b) An outline of the objectives of the project and the importance of the project to the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer c) A detailed overview and analysis of the use of relevant concepts, tools and techniques involved in project management. This section should comprise the main part of your assignment and should consist of an overview and analysis of the relevant project concepts covered in the subject. At a minimum, there should be a mention of at least the following concepts: How the project should be defined How project times and costs are estimated A discussion of the project plan The management of project risk Resource scheduling Project team issues Project performance management Note that although all of these concepts should be mentioned, some of them may be more important for your particular project than others. In these instances, you should feel free to focus your analysis more heavily on the more important issues as they impact your project. Word count (from the start of the Introduction section to the end of the Conclusion section and not Including figures/charts): 2,745 words The purpose of this paper is to present a project proposal for a new project which was recently allocated to the project management team at the Fussily Medical Systems Company, Sydney, Australia. The reason for the project results from the win of a tender for a four year film/print contract between Fussily Medical and the I-Med Network and is worth $million. This entails the installation of 220 Laser Digital X- Ray Film printers in 147 sites across Australia from Darwin to Hobart and many cities and towns in between. In developing the project proposal, this paper will demonstrate what the project intends to accomplish, how the project will go about accomplishing its objectives and if indeed it is in keeping with the strategic vision of the company and consequently how important it is to the company. In proposing what work has to be done, which is the intent of the proposal, this paper will present a detailed overview and analysis of the use of relevant concepts, tools and techniques involved in project management. Generally speaking, based on the proposal, higher management will make a decision on whether or not to proceed with the project. Once the decision is made and the directive given to proceed with the project, the project plan is developed, refined and executed. Whilst the project plan is not, as far as execution and delivery is concerned, a major part of the brief for this paper some of these aspects will be discussed for completeness. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Companies and Project Environment Medical Systems 6 6 2. 1 Fussily 6 2. 2 The I-Med Network 6 2. 3 The Project Environment, Objectives and Importance of the Project 7 3. The Project Overview and Analysis Cycle 9 9 3. 2 The Project Life 83. 1 Defining the Project 3. 2. 1 The goals and specifications of the project tasks and responsibilities of the project 9 3. 2. 2 10 3. 3 Planning the 11 3. 3. Resource The Project 3. 3. 1 Schedules Scheduling 11 14 3. 3. The Management of Project Risk 3. 3. 5 Project Team Issues Project Performance Management 4. Conclusion Glossary References Appendix 1 Appendix 2 13 3. 3. 3 Estimation of Costs 15 15 3. 3. 6 16 17 18 19 20 Whilst project management was once the domain of the building industry, the methods used there are now also utilized in new product development, event management, larger computer hardware and software installations, major equipment installations and, in any organizational event that is big enough to have a considerable number of demands and variables. Projects have a specified objective o achieve, a start and end point, often require the bringing together of various specialists within the organization who would normally be working individually, are not part of the routine work of the organization and finally, budget, time and performance constraints are integral. Therefore projects are specific entities which require specialized management in the form of a project manager and his or her team. The first part of the process or life cycle of a project is the proposal stage where the project is defined and planned. This paper will concentrate on these aspects of project management. A detailed overview and analysis of the project will ensue so as to show what is required to bring a project together to a successful conclusion. 2 The Companies and Project Environment 2. 1 Fussily Medical Systems A pioneer in imaging, Fussily Medical Systems (FM) was the first company in the world to introduce a digital x-ray diagnostic system in 1983. Besides x-ray imaging equipment, FM also produces and markets endoscopies, ultrasound and medical IT (PASS and IRIS) solutions. FM is a subsidiary company of Fussily Holding Company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. In Australia, the head office is in Brooklet, Sydney. 2 The I-Med Network The I-Med Network or I-Med Radiology Network is a privately owned company and the largest medical imaging network in Australia with 200 clinics covering all major metropolitan areas and significant parts of rural and regional Australia. The group offers all scans and radiology services including X-ray, PET, CT, MR.., Nuclear Medicine, Ultrasound, Mammography and International Procedures. 2. 3 The Project Environment, Objectives and Importance of the Project Fussily Medical has been successful in the bid off tender for the supply of 220 X-ray digital laser film printers. The printers will be supplied and installed into 147 sites across Australia at no cost but the I-Med Network has to purchase ten million dollars value of film at a pre-set price for the duration of a four year contract. The sales figures will be monitored volume, the I-Med Network will have to pay back a penalty fee for each meter of film that has not met the target. This fail-safe ensures that Fussily Medical Systems does not lose revenue and ultimately profit on this deal. The first matter, in essence, that is part of the project to be undertaken is the preparation by the FM company solicitors f the I-Med Equipment, Consumables and Support Agreement (the agreement). The agreement outlines all the legal requirements and expectations of the project between the parties, including the maintenance, breakdown and technical support and service level offered. The finalization of the agreement is a critical step and until this is signed and settled by both parties nothing else will proceed. There were two other major companies bidding in this tender namely Gaff Healthcare and Kodak. This deal and therefore the project is important to Fussily Medical for the following reasons: 1 . It will keep competitors from entering into film/print deals with the I-Med network for at least the four years of the contract; 2. At the end of the contract, the l- Med network may choose to continue its association with Fussily and re-contract with new equipment for another term; 3. It offers FM the advantage of being present and having first look-in for value added sales for other equipment like Computed or Digital Radiography image processors or PASS and IRIS (see Glossary); 4. The value of the deal is approximately ten percent of the total revenue for FM during the contract period, consequently it is a deal that cannot be dismissed. Further, as stated by Larson and Gray (2011 p. 23) [s]treated is implemented through projects. Every project should have a clear link to the organizations strategy. Indeed, this project certainly fits in with Fistfuls Medicals mission statement, which is: To be the recognized leader in providing integrated solutions to meet each customers imaging and information needs. Fussily USA website, 2013) 3 The Project Overview and Analysis The Project Management Institute (IMP cited in Larson and Gray 2011, p. 5) defines a project thus: A project is a temporary endeavourer undertaken to create a unique reduce, service or result. Sheehan (2008) tells us that projects are becoming more and more important to organizations and indeed operations, the ongoing activities in a company such as manufacturing and services, whilst necessary, are on the decline. Larson and Gray (2011 p. ) clearly state the major characteristics off project as follows: 1 . An established objective; 2. A defined life span with a beginning and an end; 3. Usually, the involvement of several departments and professionals; 4. Typically, doing something that has never been done before; and 5. Specific time, cost, and reference requirements. The project to be undertaken by Fussily Medical Systems for the I-Med Network certainly encompasses all the above characteristics. The objective has been project is expected to begin on April 1, 2014 and completed by September 30, 2014. This is a time-constrained project. The project will involve the legal, finance and procurement departments, account managers, technical services engineers and electricians, IT specialists, warehousing and logistics and the project manager(s). A project of the scale presented here has never been attempted previously and Hereford requires a high level and precise plan which can be created and executed by a dedicated team. Costs have to be kept too minimum so as not to impact too greatly on gross margins. Performance requirements are expected to be rigorous due to the nature of the installation and penalties to FM will be applied by the I-Med Network for any issues in this regard. Disruption to normal business has to be minimal due to the fact that this project deals with medical imaging clinics where diagnoses are paramount and to reduce any loss of business/revenue for the I-Med Network. 3. 1 The Project Life Cycle Pinto and Prescott, cited in Jujube and MÃ'Ëœleer 2005, tell us [most] project life cycles include phases of conceptualization (sic), planning, execution and termination. The same stages are called defining, planning, executing and closing by Larson and Gray (2011). The ensuing discussion will be concentrating on the defining and planning stages. The company (FM) will proceed with the project due to the fact that it is of critical business importance. The revenue generated from the sale is sufficient reason but it also gives the company great kudos in the marketplace. 3. 2 Defining the Project The goals, specifications, tasks and responsibilities (Larson and Gray 2011, p. ) constitute the defining phase of the project life cycle. 3. 2. 1 The goals and specifications of the project: Install 220 Drippy (Fussily brand name) Printers/almagest throughout I-Med Networks 147 Australian Sites; The Printers will replace existing competitor (namely Gaff and Kodak) ones; The Printers will be replaced on a like for like basis (I. E. Similar size, capacity and throughput as existing competitor models, albeit newer technology); The images will be either a model DIPPED (3-Tray) or a 2-Tray DIPPED. On analyzing the existing data of installed printers supplied by the I-Med network, the following printers will be supplied: 100 x DIPPED with Sorters 35 x DIPPED without sorters 40 x DIPPED with Sorters and 45 x DIPPED without sorters 133 of these printers will be Mammography enabled 3. 2. 2 The tasks and responsibilities of the project: There are many further steps than those outlined below but this is a macro view or part of the work breakdown structure (WEBS) of the project. Figure 3. 1 Task- Responsibility Chart RESPONSIBILITY Printers to be ordered and film stock increased Product Managers and Procurement Department Warehouse manager to be notified of impending increase in stock levels and of extra incoming goods Project Manager Printers to be pre-staged configured with correct sorters, film sizing and software installation completed two weeks prior to installation week Technical Engineers Electrical compliance testing Electricians Logistics to be notified of equipment on-time delivery requirements and instructions pertaining to it. With consideration to the vast distances from Sydney headquarters, some destinations will require greater lead time. Warehouse and Logistics Managers The I-Med Network sites have to be scoped for informatics and network infrastructure capability and compatibility Project Manager and Engineers Modalities (Computed/Digital Radiography, CT, Ultrasound, MR.. And so on)to be connected to printers for each site need to be clearly identified as this will affect pre- staging Fussily Engineers and IT/ Modality companies/ I-Med Network Printers dispatched to site the week before installation Project Manager with Warehouse and Logistics Install printers and train staff on use of printers Technical Engineers Documentation pertaining to the printer()s) installed to be completed correctly and sign-off obtained from the Radiology manager or designated person Technical Engineers At the end of the particular installation week, all documentation to be sent back to the Lead Project Manager via internal mail Technical Engineers Documents to be filed and information archived and entered into database correctly Project Manager *See Appendices 1 and 2 for more information. 3. 3 Planning the Project The defining, planning and executing stages of the project life cycle basically begin at the same time Just by the nature of projects. These stages may have specific functions but are interconnected and are sanctioned concurrently. When one is thinking of specifications and tasks, for example, already schedules, resources and staffing are being considered. Some of the planning stage has therefore already been considered in the defining phase. Abdominal (2012) explains this well, the relationships, iterations, phasing and overlaps between components of project, or program are derived from and verified by the nature of relationships between activities. In the planning phase or stage, we look at schedules, budgets, resources, asks and staffing (Larson and Gray 2011, p. ). Scheduling will have to run very much to plan to minimize disruption to the workflow tendency for the project scope to expand over time (Gray and Larson 2011, p. 105) will not be an issue. The initial preparatory work including the length of the project have previously been discussed. Once delivered to site, a printer will take one day to install. The following, Figure 3. 2, is an example of what the installation schedule may look like before a Giant chart is produced. Figure 3. 2 Example Installation Schedule for this Project Site NO. Existing Site Description and Quantities of Initial FUSSILY Equipment to be provided to that Initial Purchaser at that Existing Site Description of Redundant Equipment of that Initial Purchaser at that Existing Site Indicative Target Dates for Installation Timetable 1 . Royal Darwin CT 2. Royal Darwin MR.. 3. Royal Darwin UNC Med Drippy 7000 Drippy 4000 Kodak Dry-view 8700 Gaff Tartar 5300 Delivery -Week of 3/3/14 Installation Week of 10/3/14 Testing/Acceptance Week of 10/3/14 Training Week of 10/3/14 2. 1 . Hobart Calvary Hose 2. Hobart Calvary Hose Drippy 7000 w sorter Gaff Tartar 5500 Gaff Tartar 3000 Delivery Week of 10/3/14 Installation Week of 17/3/14 Testing/Acceptance Week of 17/3/14 Training Week of 17/3/14 3. 1 . Hobart Private Hose 2. Hobart Private Hose Drippy 4000 w sorter 4. 1 . SST Johns Hose TASK 2. Colonelcy TASK 3. Rosy park TASK 4. Kingston TASK 5. 1 . Wage Calvary 2. Wage Calvary 3. Wage Calvary Kodak Driveway 8900 Delivery week of 17/3/14 Installation Week of 24/3/14 Testing/Acceptance Week of 24/3/14 Training Week of 24/3/14 Giant Charts were and are used as a visual tool to show scheduled and actual progress of projects (Kumar 2005). Giant charts are used because they are easy to interpret and popular software such as [emailprotected] Office Project 2007 have made this a readily available tool. Editing is also simplified because of computer technology. For a project like the one proposed here, this type of software is ideal because dates can be used effectively, time is represented on the horizontal axis and activities down the rows (Larson and Gray 2011, p. 174). Resources can also be added. The following, Figure 3. 3, shows an example of a Giant chart for a similar equipment installation and time based project. . 3. 2 Resource Scheduling Ahead S, Imitate ML and Imitate A (2013) state: t]he companies dealing with multiple projects are geographically distributed at different locations. These projects require local (always available to the concerned project) and global (shared among the projects) resources that are available in limited quantity. Certainly Fussily has several projects in progress at all times and therefore wherever possible local resources such as engineers will be utilized for cost savings and efficiency in organization. For this project, Jamie Carlyle will be the Lead Engineer assigned solely to and for the entirety of the I-Med Printer Project and engineers from each State will complement the process. Preventative Maintenance Schedules (part of the day-to-day activities of the service department), Service Engineers Annual Leave and Public Holidays are some of the issues that have to be taken into consideration when preparing the final schedule. Being a time- constrained, as opposed to a resource-constrained project, it must be completed by the agreed date and resources will be added as required to achieve this milestone. 3. 3. 3 Estimation of Costs The Fussily Company has allocated a figure of approximately 10% ($1 M) of the bid price to the cost of the installation project and maintenance over the life of the renters within the contract period; $500,000 of this creates the project budget. How are costs estimated? Good (2009) provides a succinct explanation: Simply stated its the product of the quantities of goods and services that will be required to execute the project, times the commensurate unit pricing for each of those goods and services. In this project we can look at it like this: There are 220 printers to be installed. Whilst the time period to complete the project is six (6) months or twenty six (26) weeks, to allow some slack or buffer, the project will be calculated to be finished in went two (22) weeks. That is, ten (10) printers need to be installed per week. One day per printer per engineer is required for pre-staging. Three engineers are required for installing a printer a day each. Generally, Monday (the busiest day in a Radiology practice) will be used to travel to site and finalizing any details before installation begins on Tuesday. Friday will be used for training purposes and travel home. An engineer is paid $2000 per week or $400 a day (total cost = $187,200). The project manager is paid $110,00 per annum but an extra two months is added here or the planning phase (cost = $ 73,000). The cost of transport to a site is $150 per unit on average (total = $33,000). Travel, hotel and meal costs have been estimated to be $100,000. Legal, warehouse and other business costs are estimated at $50,000. The total estimated cost of the project is $443,200 which is within the $500,000 budget and allows for any unforeseen or misjudged costs. Spreadsheets and time- phased work packages are critical tools that can be used to simplify and take control of these calculations Project Management Essay Example Project Management Essay a) What are some of the items contained in the Project Charter? b) What phase is the Project Scope produced? What are some of the items contained in this document? c) What phase is the WBS produced? A; a)The project charter is the planning team’s concise statement of core goals, values, and intent in order to provide the ultimate policy direction for everything that comes next. Items contained in project charter are; 1. Project title should be concise and create a vision for the end result of the project. 2. Purpose summarizes the need and justification for the project. . Description provides a high-level description of the project. 4. Objective is a statement of what is expected to be accomplished. 5. Success criteria or expected benefits indicate the outcomes or expected quantitative benefits that will result from implementation of the project. 6. Funding indicates the total amount of funds the sponsor authorizes for the project. 7. Major Deliverables are the major end produ cts or items that are expected to be produced during and at the completion of the performance of the project. . Acceptance criteria describe the quantitative criteria for each major deliverable that the sponsor will use to verify that each deliverable meets certain performance specifications. 9. Milestone schedule is a list of target dates or times for the achievement of key events in the project timetable. 10. Key assumptions include those that the project rationale or justification is based on 11. Constraints could include such things as a requirement to complete the project without disrupting the current workflow. 12. Major risks identify any risk that the sponsor thinks has a high likelihood of occurrence or a high degree of potential impact. 13. Approval requirements define the limits of authority of the project manager. 14. Reporting requirements state the frequency and content of project status reports and reviews. 15. Sponsor designee is the person who the sponsor designates to act on behalf of the project sponsor. 16. Approval signature and date indicate that the sponsor has officially or formally authorized the project. Depending on the funding amount of the project, level of risk, or organizational reporting structure. The project scope defines what needs to be done. It is all the work that must be done to produce all the project deliverables, satisfy the sponsor or customer that all the work and deliverables meet the requirements or acceptance criteria, and accomplish the project objective. The project charter or request for proposal establishes the framework for further elaboration of the project scope. The project team or contractor prepares a project scope document that includes many of the items contained in the project charter, RFP, or contractor’s proposal, but in much greater detail. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The document is valuable for establishing a common understanding among project stakeholders regarding the scope of the project. The project scope document usually contains the following sections: 1. Customer requirements define the functional or performance specifications for the project’s end product and other project deliverables. 2. Statement of Work (SOW) defines the major tasks or work elements that will need to be performed to accomplish the work that needs to be done and produce all the project deliverables. . Deliverables are the products or outputs that the project team or contractor will produce and provide to the customer during and at the completion of the performance of the project. Although major or key deliverables may be stated in the project charter or request for proposal, they need to be expanded on in greater detail in the project scope document. 4. Acceptance criteria for all project deliverables must be described in greater detail than what is stated in t he project charter or request for proposal. For each deliverable, the quantitative measures or references to specifications, standards, or codes that will be used should be stated, as the criteria will be the basis for the customer agreeing that a deliverable is acceptable. 5. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). The major work elements defined in the statement of work section along with the detailed list of deliverables provide the basis for creating a work breakdown structure, which is a hierarchical decomposition of the project work scope into work packages that produce the project deliverables. The project scope document is valuable for establishing a common understanding among project stakeholders regarding the scope of the project. It is important to document the detailed requirements in the project scope document in order to establish a clear understanding with the sponsor or customer. Work Breakdown Structure End of Class Evaluation Task AssignedDiscussion Questions LettersassignmentsQuizzesExams Team WorkTeam leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2- Charter†¢Evaluation Contribution †¢Value added†¢Grammar †¢Run outs †¢value†¢Timing †¢Expectation †¢solutions†¢Timing †¢Expectation †¢solutions†¢Timing †¢Expectation †¢solution S C O P eCorrelation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequencyCorrelation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Enhancement structureCorrelation, Plagiarism Citation s, quality Correction Time frame Correlation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Correction Time frame Correlation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Correction Time frame CostTask assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly bases Task assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly bases Time frameWeek 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8 The Project Charter; The Project Charter Example is used by the sponsor of a project to announce a new project and to demonstrate that management is in support of this project. The Project Charter Example provides the outline for a new project and gives management a sense of direction for the project from beginning to end. This example is downloadable and customizable for your specific usage. Project scope; Project scope is the part of project planning that involves determining and documenting a list of specific project goals, deliverables, tasks, costs and deadlines. The documentation of a projects scope, which is called a scope statement, terms of reference or statement of work, explains the boundaries of the project, establishes responsibilities for each team member and sets up procedures for how completed work will be verified and approved. During the project, this documentation helps the project team remain focused and on task. The scope statement also provides the project team with guidelines for making decisions about change requests during the project. Project Charter: Acknowledges the existence of a project Scope Statement: Defines where the major objectives and what the project deliverables Differences between these two documents: Project Charter: †¢Official document created and approved by key stakeholders, after project idea has been identified †¢Developed by the corporate executive or sponsor †¢Defines the responsibilities and boundaries of the project manager and the project Scope Statement: After the project charter is approved, the project manager can proceed with launching team building activities and defining the scope of the project †¢Document that formalizes references the scope of everything that the project must produce that is used for future decision making †¢Developed by the project manager with his/her project team members †¢Acts as a response to the Sponso r/Project Charter Project planning; 1. develop plans with relevant people to achieve the projects goals; 2. break work down into tasks and determine handover procedures; 3. dentify links and dependencies, and schedule to achieve deliverables; 4. estimate and cost the human and physical resources required, and make plans to obtain the necessary resources; 5. allocate roles with clear lines of responsibility and accountability; 6. allocate tasks that are realistic and equitable and accommodate other workloads; 7. Establish appropriate and agreed meeting schedules, as well as reporting, control and communication methods. Project scope; The Project Scope pertains to the work necessary to deliver a product. Requirements and deliverables define the project scope, and it is critical that the stakeholder is in agreement with the information discussed in the proposed plan. Construction of a WBS; Identifying the main deliverables of a project is the starting point for deriving a work breakdown structure. This important step is usually done by the project managers and the subject matter experts (SMEs) involved in the project. Once this step is completed, the subject matter experts start breaking down the high-level tasks into smaller chunks of work. In the process of breaking down the tasks, one can break them down into different levels of detail. One can detail a high level task into ten sub tasks while another can detail the same high level task into 20 sub tasks. Therefore, there is no hard and fast rule on how you should breakdown a task in WBS. Rather, the level breakdown is a matter of the project type and the management style followed for the project. In general, there are a few rules used for determining the smallest task chunk. In two weeks rule, nothing is broken down smaller than two weeks work of work. This means, the smallest task of the WBS is at least two week long. 8/80 is another rule used when creating a WBS. This rule implies that no task should be smaller than 8 hours of work and should not be larger than 80 hours of work. One can use many forms to display their WBS. Some use tree structure to illustrate the WBS, while others use lists and tables. Outlining is one of the easiest ways of representing a WBS. The right mix of planning, monitoring, and controlling can make the difference in completing a project on time, on budget, and with high quality results. These guidelines will help you plan the work and work the plan. Given the high rate of project failures, you might think that companies would be happy to just have their project finish with some degree of success. That’s not the case. Despite the odds, organizations expect projects to be completed faster, cheaper, and better. The only way that these objectives can be met is through the use of effective project management processes and techniques. This list outlines the major phases of managing a project and discusses key steps for each one. Note: This article is also available as a PDF download. PLANNING 1: Plan the work by utilizing a project definition document †¢ Project overview †¢ Objectives †¢ Scope †¢ Assumptions and risks †¢ Approach †¢ Organization: Show the significant roles on the project. †¢ Signature page: Ask the sponsor and key stakeholders to approve this document, signifying that they agree on what is planned. †¢ Initial effort, cost, and duration estimates: These should start as best-guess estimates and then be revised, if necessary, when the work plan is completed. 2: Create a planning horizon After the project definition has been prepared, the work plan can be created. The work plan provides the step-by-step instructions for constructing project deliverables and managing the project. 3: Define project management procedures up front 4: Manage the work plan and monitor the schedule and budget Once the project has been planned sufficiently, execution of the work can begin. †¢ Review the work plan on a regular basis to determine how you are progressing in terms of schedule and budget. †¢ Identify activities that have been completed during the previous time period and update the work plan to show they are finished. Determine whether there are any other activities that should be completed but have not been. †¢ Monitor the budget. 5: Look for warning signs Look for signs that the project may be in trouble. These could include the following: †¢ A small variance in schedule or budget starts to get bigger, especially early in the project. There is a tendency to think you can make it up, but this is a warning. If the tendencies are not corrected quickly, the impact will be unrecoverable. †¢ You discover that activities you think have already been completed are still being worked on. For example, users whom you think have been migrated to a new platform are still not. †¢ You need to rely on unscheduled overtime to hit the deadlines, especially early in the project. †¢ Team morale starts to decline. †¢ Deliverable quality or service quality starts to deteriorate. For instance, users start to complain that their converted e-mail folders are not working correctly. †¢ Quality-control steps, testing activities, and project management time starts to be cut back from the original schedule. A big project, such as an Exchange migration, can affect everyone in your organization. Don’t cut back on the activities that ensure the work is done correctly. 6: Ensure that the sponsor approves scope-change requests 7: Guard against scope creep 8: Identify risks up front 9: Continue to assess potential risks throughout the project 10: Resolve issues as quickly as possible Create Work Breakdown Structure Once the project scope document has been prepared and agreed on, the next step in the planning phase is to create a detailed work breakdown structure (WBS), which is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the project work scope into work packages that produce the project deliverables. Having a comprehensive project scope document is important because it is the foundation for creating the work breakdown structure. The project scope document defined what needs to be done in terms of the statement of work and deliverables, and the WBS establishes the framework for how the work will get done to produce the project deliverables. Creating a WBS is a structured approach for organizing all the project work and deliverables into logical groupings and subdividing them into more manageable components to help ensure that all the work and deliverables to complete the project are identified and included in the baseline project plan. It is a hierarchical tree of deliverables or end items that will be accomplished or produced by the project team or contractor during the project. The work breakdown structure subdivides the project into smaller pieces called work items. The lowest-level work item of any one branch is called a work package. The work package includes all of the specific work activities that need to be performed to produce the deliverable associated with that work package. The WBS should be decomposed to a level that identifies individual work packages for each specific deliverable listed in the project scope document. Often the WBS includes a separate work package labeled â€Å"project management† that is for all the work associated with managing the project such as preparing progress reports; conducting review meetings; planning, monitoring, and tracking schedules and budgets, and so on. The accomplishment or production of all of these lowest-level work packages in the work breakdown structure constitutes completion of the project work scope. Project Management Essay Example Project Management Essay a) What are some of the items contained in the Project Charter? b) What phase is the Project Scope produced? What are some of the items contained in this document? c) What phase is the WBS produced? A; a)The project charter is the planning team’s concise statement of core goals, values, and intent in order to provide the ultimate policy direction for everything that comes next. Items contained in project charter are; 1. Project title should be concise and create a vision for the end result of the project. 2. Purpose summarizes the need and justification for the project. . Description provides a high-level description of the project. 4. Objective is a statement of what is expected to be accomplished. 5. Success criteria or expected benefits indicate the outcomes or expected quantitative benefits that will result from implementation of the project. 6. Funding indicates the total amount of funds the sponsor authorizes for the project. 7. Major Deliverables are the major end produ cts or items that are expected to be produced during and at the completion of the performance of the project. . Acceptance criteria describe the quantitative criteria for each major deliverable that the sponsor will use to verify that each deliverable meets certain performance specifications. 9. Milestone schedule is a list of target dates or times for the achievement of key events in the project timetable. 10. Key assumptions include those that the project rationale or justification is based on 11. Constraints could include such things as a requirement to complete the project without disrupting the current workflow. 12. Major risks identify any risk that the sponsor thinks has a high likelihood of occurrence or a high degree of potential impact. 13. Approval requirements define the limits of authority of the project manager. 14. Reporting requirements state the frequency and content of project status reports and reviews. 15. Sponsor designee is the person who the sponsor designates to act on behalf of the project sponsor. 16. Approval signature and date indicate that the sponsor has officially or formally authorized the project. Depending on the funding amount of the project, level of risk, or organizational reporting structure. The project scope defines what needs to be done. It is all the work that must be done to produce all the project deliverables, satisfy the sponsor or customer that all the work and deliverables meet the requirements or acceptance criteria, and accomplish the project objective. The project charter or request for proposal establishes the framework for further elaboration of the project scope. The project team or contractor prepares a project scope document that includes many of the items contained in the project charter, RFP, or contractor’s proposal, but in much greater detail. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The document is valuable for establishing a common understanding among project stakeholders regarding the scope of the project. The project scope document usually contains the following sections: 1. Customer requirements define the functional or performance specifications for the project’s end product and other project deliverables. 2. Statement of Work (SOW) defines the major tasks or work elements that will need to be performed to accomplish the work that needs to be done and produce all the project deliverables. . Deliverables are the products or outputs that the project team or contractor will produce and provide to the customer during and at the completion of the performance of the project. Although major or key deliverables may be stated in the project charter or request for proposal, they need to be expanded on in greater detail in the project scope document. 4. Acceptance criteria for all project deliverables must be described in greater detail than what is stated in t he project charter or request for proposal. For each deliverable, the quantitative measures or references to specifications, standards, or codes that will be used should be stated, as the criteria will be the basis for the customer agreeing that a deliverable is acceptable. 5. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). The major work elements defined in the statement of work section along with the detailed list of deliverables provide the basis for creating a work breakdown structure, which is a hierarchical decomposition of the project work scope into work packages that produce the project deliverables. The project scope document is valuable for establishing a common understanding among project stakeholders regarding the scope of the project. It is important to document the detailed requirements in the project scope document in order to establish a clear understanding with the sponsor or customer. Work Breakdown Structure End of Class Evaluation Task AssignedDiscussion Questions LettersassignmentsQuizzesExams Team WorkTeam leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2-Team leader Team members 1- 2- Charter†¢Evaluation Contribution †¢Value added†¢Grammar †¢Run outs †¢value†¢Timing †¢Expectation †¢solutions†¢Timing †¢Expectation †¢solutions†¢Timing †¢Expectation †¢solution S C O P eCorrelation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequencyCorrelation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Enhancement structureCorrelation, Plagiarism Citation s, quality Correction Time frame Correlation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Correction Time frame Correlation, Plagiarism Citations, quality and frequency Correction Time frame CostTask assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly bases Task assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly basesTask assigned on hourly bases Time frameWeek 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8Week 1 to 8 The Project Charter; The Project Charter Example is used by the sponsor of a project to announce a new project and to demonstrate that management is in support of this project. The Project Charter Example provides the outline for a new project and gives management a sense of direction for the project from beginning to end. This example is downloadable and customizable for your specific usage. Project scope; Project scope is the part of project planning that involves determining and documenting a list of specific project goals, deliverables, tasks, costs and deadlines. The documentation of a projects scope, which is called a scope statement, terms of reference or statement of work, explains the boundaries of the project, establishes responsibilities for each team member and sets up procedures for how completed work will be verified and approved. During the project, this documentation helps the project team remain focused and on task. The scope statement also provides the project team with guidelines for making decisions about change requests during the project. Project Charter: Acknowledges the existence of a project Scope Statement: Defines where the major objectives and what the project deliverables Differences between these two documents: Project Charter: †¢Official document created and approved by key stakeholders, after project idea has been identified †¢Developed by the corporate executive or sponsor †¢Defines the responsibilities and boundaries of the project manager and the project Scope Statement: After the project charter is approved, the project manager can proceed with launching team building activities and defining the scope of the project †¢Document that formalizes references the scope of everything that the project must produce that is used for future decision making †¢Developed by the project manager with his/her project team members †¢Acts as a response to the Sponso r/Project Charter Project planning; 1. develop plans with relevant people to achieve the projects goals; 2. break work down into tasks and determine handover procedures; 3. dentify links and dependencies, and schedule to achieve deliverables; 4. estimate and cost the human and physical resources required, and make plans to obtain the necessary resources; 5. allocate roles with clear lines of responsibility and accountability; 6. allocate tasks that are realistic and equitable and accommodate other workloads; 7. Establish appropriate and agreed meeting schedules, as well as reporting, control and communication methods. Project scope; The Project Scope pertains to the work necessary to deliver a product. Requirements and deliverables define the project scope, and it is critical that the stakeholder is in agreement with the information discussed in the proposed plan. Construction of a WBS; Identifying the main deliverables of a project is the starting point for deriving a work breakdown structure. This important step is usually done by the project managers and the subject matter experts (SMEs) involved in the project. Once this step is completed, the subject matter experts start breaking down the high-level tasks into smaller chunks of work. In the process of breaking down the tasks, one can break them down into different levels of detail. One can detail a high level task into ten sub tasks while another can detail the same high level task into 20 sub tasks. Therefore, there is no hard and fast rule on how you should breakdown a task in WBS. Rather, the level breakdown is a matter of the project type and the management style followed for the project. In general, there are a few rules used for determining the smallest task chunk. In two weeks rule, nothing is broken down smaller than two weeks work of work. This means, the smallest task of the WBS is at least two week long. 8/80 is another rule used when creating a WBS. This rule implies that no task should be smaller than 8 hours of work and should not be larger than 80 hours of work. One can use many forms to display their WBS. Some use tree structure to illustrate the WBS, while others use lists and tables. Outlining is one of the easiest ways of representing a WBS. The right mix of planning, monitoring, and controlling can make the difference in completing a project on time, on budget, and with high quality results. These guidelines will help you plan the work and work the plan. Given the high rate of project failures, you might think that companies would be happy to just have their project finish with some degree of success. That’s not the case. Despite the odds, organizations expect projects to be completed faster, cheaper, and better. The only way that these objectives can be met is through the use of effective project management processes and techniques. This list outlines the major phases of managing a project and discusses key steps for each one. Note: This article is also available as a PDF download. PLANNING 1: Plan the work by utilizing a project definition document †¢ Project overview †¢ Objectives †¢ Scope †¢ Assumptions and risks †¢ Approach †¢ Organization: Show the significant roles on the project. †¢ Signature page: Ask the sponsor and key stakeholders to approve this document, signifying that they agree on what is planned. †¢ Initial effort, cost, and duration estimates: These should start as best-guess estimates and then be revised, if necessary, when the work plan is completed. 2: Create a planning horizon After the project definition has been prepared, the work plan can be created. The work plan provides the step-by-step instructions for constructing project deliverables and managing the project. 3: Define project management procedures up front 4: Manage the work plan and monitor the schedule and budget Once the project has been planned sufficiently, execution of the work can begin. †¢ Review the work plan on a regular basis to determine how you are progressing in terms of schedule and budget. †¢ Identify activities that have been completed during the previous time period and update the work plan to show they are finished. Determine whether there are any other activities that should be completed but have not been. †¢ Monitor the budget. 5: Look for warning signs Look for signs that the project may be in trouble. These could include the following: †¢ A small variance in schedule or budget starts to get bigger, especially early in the project. There is a tendency to think you can make it up, but this is a warning. If the tendencies are not corrected quickly, the impact will be unrecoverable. †¢ You discover that activities you think have already been completed are still being worked on. For example, users whom you think have been migrated to a new platform are still not. †¢ You need to rely on unscheduled overtime to hit the deadlines, especially early in the project. †¢ Team morale starts to decline. †¢ Deliverable quality or service quality starts to deteriorate. For instance, users start to complain that their converted e-mail folders are not working correctly. †¢ Quality-control steps, testing activities, and project management time starts to be cut back from the original schedule. A big project, such as an Exchange migration, can affect everyone in your organization. Don’t cut back on the activities that ensure the work is done correctly. 6: Ensure that the sponsor approves scope-change requests 7: Guard against scope creep 8: Identify risks up front 9: Continue to assess potential risks throughout the project 10: Resolve issues as quickly as possible Create Work Breakdown Structure Once the project scope document has been prepared and agreed on, the next step in the planning phase is to create a detailed work breakdown structure (WBS), which is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the project work scope into work packages that produce the project deliverables. Having a comprehensive project scope document is important because it is the foundation for creating the work breakdown structure. The project scope document defined what needs to be done in terms of the statement of work and deliverables, and the WBS establishes the framework for how the work will get done to produce the project deliverables. Creating a WBS is a structured approach for organizing all the project work and deliverables into logical groupings and subdividing them into more manageable components to help ensure that all the work and deliverables to complete the project are identified and included in the baseline project plan. It is a hierarchical tree of deliverables or end items that will be accomplished or produced by the project team or contractor during the project. The work breakdown structure subdivides the project into smaller pieces called work items. The lowest-level work item of any one branch is called a work package. The work package includes all of the specific work activities that need to be performed to produce the deliverable associated with that work package. The WBS should be decomposed to a level that identifies individual work packages for each specific deliverable listed in the project scope document. Often the WBS includes a separate work package labeled â€Å"project management† that is for all the work associated with managing the project such as preparing progress reports; conducting review meetings; planning, monitoring, and tracking schedules and budgets, and so on. The accomplishment or production of all of these lowest-level work packages in the work breakdown structure constitutes completion of the project work scope.